The Gothic Theme In Frankenstein Essay examples - 1357 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The term Gothic refers to a genre that came about in the late eighteenth century. It can be a type of story, clothing, or music nowadays. In this paper it will refer to a style of literature. A very good example of this type of literature is Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. There is a sense of foreboding throughout the whole novel, which is one of the basic necessities of the Gothic. This theme of the Gothic has different characteristics that all fit into the story of Victor Frankenstein and his monster and make this one of the first horror stories every told. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The very first characteristic of a Gothic novel is its sinister setting. The opening sentence in Frankenstein sets the mood†¦show more content†¦58). While flipping through the novel, the reader can be certain of catching a glimpse of the words rain, dark, horror, and tears. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The second characteristic of the Gothic theme is the fascination with the unconscious and abnormal psychology. This includes things such as secrets and crime, both of which share the spotlight in Frankenstein. The main secret in the novel is the existence of the monster, which ultimately leads to the demise of all of Victors loved ones. For example, if he had told Elizabeth about the threat made by the monster for their wedding night, she might not have been killed. When Victor finally tells his secret to Walton, it is as if some of the burden has been lifted and he dies soon after. Even Walton is quot;searching for the secrets of the polequot; (Parkin-Gounelas, 216) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the ways the theme of the unconscious is depicted is the insanity that Victor finds himself stuck in. After the death of Clerval, he is locked up for some time. He doesnt remember much of the time that he was in his cell, but he says, quot;I lay for two months on the point of death: my ravings, as I afterwards heard were frightful; I called myself the murderer of William, of Justine, and of Clervalquot; (p.171). He goes on in great description about the insanity and terror that he felt. The crime aspect of thisShow MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankenstein: A Gothic Novel1595 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelly’s Frankenstein is one of the greatest Gothic novels to come out during the Romantic Period. Frankenstein is a prime example of what a Gothic novel should present to its reader through the genre’s twisted themes. Even though it was written in the Romantic period, Mary Shelley still wrote Frankenstein to be a Gothic work of literature. Man y characteristics of Gothic novel can be seen within this novel. Mary Shelley’s outstanding novel Frankenstein is a prime example of a Gothic novel becauseRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Novel Frankenstein 764 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Works Cited Bentley, Colene. Family, Humanity, Polity: Theorizing the Basis and Boundaries of Political Community in Frankenstein. Bloom s Literary Reference Online [Facts On File News Services]. N.p., 2005. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. This source went over multiple themes in the novel Frankenstein, one of them being the pursuit of knowledge. I found this as a great example of the pursuit of knowledge, and was compelled to use it for one of my notecards. Birkhead, Edith. Later DevelopmentsRead MoreFrankenstein as a Gothic Novel Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagessymbolism, and themes: these are elements of a Gothic novel. Though Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, written in the early 19th century, certainly contains many components of a Gothic novel, can it be correctly grouped under that genre? A definition of a Gothic novel; according to Tracy, is a description of a fallen world. We experience this fallen world though the aspects of a novel: plot, setting, characterization, and theme (De Vore, Domenic, Kwan and Reidy). As well, early Gothic novels have characterizedRead MoreThe Gothic Elements Of Frankenstein922 Words   |  4 PagesSisson Mrs. Schroder Honors English IV December 8 2016 The Gothic Elements of Frankenstein Gothic novels are stories written in the gothic genre which is a literature genre of fiction characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror. This genre rose to, and flourished in, popularity during the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most famous novels of this Genre is Frankenstein, also known as the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Frankenstein is about a scientist who creates a grotesque sentientRead MoreMary Shelley and Flannery OConnor: Gothic Isolationists1724 Words   |  7 Pages Gothic fiction is a genre of literature that combines fiction, horror and Romanticism with a particular focus on the mysterious and supernatural aspects. Gothic fiction originated in England during the latter half of the 18th century. This distinctive genre of literature soon developed into a 19th century phenomenon. The success of this dominant genre in England is frequently attributed to Mary Shelley. Despite its success during this time period, gothic fiction ceased to be a dominant genre byRead MoreElements And Gothic Elements In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein904 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein: Gothic Elements In the Gothic novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelley begins with the narrative of Captain Walton and transitions into Victor Frankensteins story. In both narratives, Mary Shelley is able to incorporate many themes such as intense emotions, the supernatural, nature, horror, and death to create one of the finest Gothic novels. With the use of Gothic elements, Mary Shelley also incorporates her own message into the novel that serves as a precautionary to those that read itRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein Dark Elements 1117 Words   |  5 Pageslate eighteenth century, gothic literature rapidly expanded to become a major genre of study. There are many key elements that make a piece of literature gothic, many of these elements are found in Frankenstein. Three of the main elements that categorize gothic literature are extreme landscapes, supernatural manifestations, and intense emotions; these three elements can also be found in Frankenstein. One common element of gothic literature includes extreme landscapes. Gothic literature uses this keyRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe s Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, And The Tell Tale Heart1579 Words   |  7 PagesGothic Frankenstein The amount of scary books, dark video games and horror movies in the horror genre is unparalleled by any other single genre. People who take part in this genre enjoy the heart-pounding thrill of being scared or the long drawn out tension that causes them to sit on the edge of their seat. Historically many of the early examples of the horror or gothic genre like Dracula by Bram Stoker, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, and The Tell Tale Heart by EdgarRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1502 Words   |  7 Pages19th century, the romantic ear took over the styles of novels. This was a time of disagreement and confusion over principles and aesthetics; there were many philosophies, agendas, and points of interest that competed in all types of literature. Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, is a work from the Romantic Era, and you can see some characteristics of this era in her novel. Romanticism was an era where the individual became more important than society. Instead of the rules and norms of societyRead MoreAnalysis of the Creation Scene from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Kenneth Branagh’s 1994 Film Version912 Words   |  4 PagesScene from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Kenneth Branagh’s 1994 Film Version One of the key themes in Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’ is human arrogance. Frankenstein’s curiosity leads him to play the role of God. In a way Frankenstein is responsible for the monster and has ultimately become a father figure to the monster. Frankenstein abandoning the monster leads up to it turning evil and looking for revenge. Therefore, parenting is another theme in the novel. The nature

Inclusion The Past, Present, and Future Essay - 4024 Words

There are millions of children that are passing through the United States school system every day, not all children possess the same traits, and not all children can learn at the same rate, and do not perform at the same ability. The fact that all children learn differently and some have difficulties learning in general classrooms, special education was put into place to try and take care of these issues. Special education programs were put into place to help all students with disabilities. These children range from general disabilities to more complex and severe disabilities. There has been a revolution occurring in the past several years with education systems, and special education. There have now been several laws that have been†¦show more content†¦Some examples of the laws that have been put into place are the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA), and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Spe cial education inclusion has been a controversy for the several past years, it is a widely heated topic today, and there are things that will change and continue to promote inclusion in the future. History of Inclusion The idea of children with disabilities, whether they be mild or severe has been a very controversial and misunderstood topic. In the past inclusion has brought about huge changes for not only the students, but also the parents and families of these children, and staff at schools. Teachers and education professionals were the first to really feel the wrath and intimidation of this dramatic shift in education. There were several different factors that were coming about that made it very difficult for schools and teachers, the unorganized mandates were strict and didn’t allow much time for change. â€Å"President Gerald Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) into law in 1975. Since the original passage of the EAHCA, the law has been amended four times and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)† (Conroy, Yell, Katsiyannis, Collins, 2010, para.1). In the United States, this dilemma hasShow MoreRelatedCommon Themes Of Inclusive Education Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Discussion Findings The reviewed literature revealed several common themes regarding inclusive education. The first common theme is teacher attitudes toward inclusion. Almost all of the studies revealed that negative perspectives about inclusive education make schools that try to implement inclusive classrooms likely candidates for failure. One of the primary influencing factors of teachers’ negative perceptions is that of the teachers’ lack of confidence in their ability to teach specialRead MoreEast Germany is a mysterious environment, created by the yearning to camouflage into the greyness900 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermining a future and making sense of a tainted and oppressive environment can become paralysing. Therefore, throughout East Germany a truth did not exist as fear had given people the inability to formulate opinions to their full extent. Everyone had an idea as to what had occurred as their minds continued to play the scenarios on repeat - if a recognisable lifestyle d isappears it is possible that you will recreate the only life you knew due to the sense of uncertainty present towards existenceRead MoreSpecial Students With Disabilities And Culturally Diverse Needs862 Words   |  4 Pagesface many ethical and moral challenges everyday. There are three areas challenge a special educators morals and ethics: inclusion, serving students with disabilities and culturally diverse needs, and access to grade appropriate general education curriculum for students with severe intellectual disabilities. Before discussing the present, let us look at the past to understand the future. During the 1970s, it is estimated around 20% of students with disabilities were receiving an education from a publicRead MoreThe Structure Of The Banking Industry1608 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral players and has recently enabled MFIs to be part of the formal financial system. However, despite these achievements, there are still challenges that linger and financial inclusion remains an issue. This part explores the current structure of the banking industry and touches on the status of financial inclusion in Vietnam. 4.3.1. Banking Industry Vietnam’s banking sector is fairly recent being founded a little over 2 decades ago. Prior to sector’s current structure, the system operated fromRead More Inclusion Essay example1028 Words   |  5 Pages Within the past decades and a big discussion has occurred regarding the most appropriate setting within which to provide education for students in special education. Although the change in the educational environment is significant for handicapped student the concepts of inclusion also bring up new issues for the regular education classroom teachers. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The movement toward full inclusion of special education students in general education setting has brought special educationRead MoreThe Learning-Support Guidelines705 Words   |  3 Pagesinclusive approach to education. As education policies worldwide focus on inclusion national developments in Ireland reacted and responded accordingly. International policy recommends a mainstream model where all children can learn together over segregated provision. Space prevents a full discussion here but it is noteworthy that the most influential is the Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994) which advocated inclusion of all abilities. Subsequently, the Dakar Statement (UNESCO, 2000) and theRead MoreNative Guard Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages2011 Investigating the Impact of History on Modern Society within Natasha Trethewey’s Native Guard Rooted in the shadows of history, Native Guard by Natasha Trethewey intertwines personal and historical accounts to scrutinize the impact of the past on the present. Trethewey’s Native Guard is divided into three sections, which chronicle her mother’s life and death, the erased history of the Louisiana Native Guard, and Trethewey’s childhood in Mi ssissippi. These different stories amalgamate, and open aRead MoreSpecial Education: a Look at the History1279 Words   |  6 Pagespublic education and its exclusion of special needs students to the current push for inclusion of all students learning within a general education classroom. The author will also share some of the pros and cons of current educational legislation with regard to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and how it will effect special education in the future. The past and present attitudes of the public, with regard to special education, will also be taken upRead MoreProviding Professional And Vocational Education1709 Words   |  7 Pages The second barrier standing in the way of the process of obtaining professional and vocational education was this: ‘It is physically very difficult to get to school’ as indicated by our respondents. At present, in the Russian Federation, only 10 percent of universities provide not only architectural but, first and foremost, educational and methodological accessibility of higher education for disabled students, demonstrating a proper level of professional and pedagogical competence of the teachingRead More Exceptional Students Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pageschild’s education, in the attempt to provide the best education possible for children. In recent years, the education of students with disabilities, who were previously not educated in the regular school system, has been publicly debated. The idea of inclusion, or mainstreaming has received a great deal of support. Although there is the need to adapt programs and sometimes classroom environments for the child w ith special needs, there are many benefits for all that are included in this situation.

From Chicago to Colorado free essay sample

Hiking through the mountains of Colorado was never my plan for an ideal summer. I wanted to take courses at Yale University and experience life as an Ivy Leaguer. I abruptly opted out of New Haven and decided to explore the great outdoors of the American West with an adventure program. Before I knew it, Chicago and my comfort zone were being left behind and replaced with mountains and sand dunes. On the morning of a June 27, 2008 I was greeted by a burst of sunshine. â€Å"Mom, five more minutes!† I got up slowly and it suddenly dawned on me. I was not in Chicago anymore. I was in a tent in the middle of nowhere in Colorado. I was going to have to get used to the new accommodations of my tent and my three tent mates. I tiredly grabbed my clothes and hid behind a large bush to change. It was soon time to introduce ourselves to everyone at camp. We will write a custom essay sample on From Chicago to Colorado or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cue the cheesy camp song. Haley, Brian, Inigo. Jessica. Mary. Neal. Abby. Erick. Matt. Everyone seemed pretty friendly, but why didn’t I feel any more comfortable? Everything seemed foreign to me. I was starting to regret not having chosen a dorm at Yale. After a quick breakfast comprised of stale bagels and granola bars, we made our way to the Great Sand Dunes. â€Å"Think of it as the Egyptian capital of Colorado,† said my troop leader. Egypt in Colorado? Now things were really starting to become foreign. When we arrived, we were greeted by sand, endless amount of sand. Brief thoughts of being sucked into a pool of quicksand and being eaten by sand monsters came before me. Perhaps my fears were unmerited, but they only increased when my camp leader told us what we were going to be doing for the day. â€Å"Today,† the camp leader proclaimed, â€Å"we are going to climb to the top of the Dunes.† Three hours later, I was huffing and puffing. I had made i t to the top. I felt like the Rocky Balboa of mountain climbing. Suddenly, the trip seemed worth it. The next two weeks flew by. I encountered challenges that tested my survival skills, but I pushed through each and every one of them. The rough current did not stop me from rafting through ninety miles of the Green River. Slippery slopes could not keep me away from the peak of Mount Harvard. I had somehow developed a new sense of resilience and determination that was not inherent within me. I was glad I had steered away from the road traveled by hundreds of teens wishing to impress college admissions representatives. Yale was no much for nature. As Robert Frost once said, â€Å"Two Roads Diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by. And that has made all the difference.† I have a greater appreciation for my abilities and I have discovered the wonders of the western United States.

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Driving Organizational Success for Multinational Companies in Oil/Mining Industry free essay sample

ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN OIL/MINING INDUSTRY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degrees Masters in Business Administration Lecturer: Eileen OLeary 2010 By: Albertus Rendy Buntaran (S3264165) Executive Summary This paper provides a broad definition of ethical behavior and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the competitive world of oil and mining industries of today. It is also acknowledged that factors behind both ethics and CSR are evolving and therefore, the factors for both ethics and CSR are defined for three different periods. The first period will focus on early 2000 when Enron failed and caused major shift in the world of ethics, during this period, the main factor is commitment and that was the only thing. Commitment for ethical conducts and CSR came with minor implementation. The second period is in present times, where ethics and CSR have already taken place in most of oil and mining corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Driving Organizational Success for Multinational Companies in Oil/Mining Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The establishment of Global Reporting Initiative has defined the standardized framework for reporting. Moreover, corporations start to involved in their commitment. Many corporations are extensively using their ethics and CSR concepts as the basis in driving their organizational success. The future is yet to be challenging as the concept of sustainable development emerged as the new goal in relation with CSR and ethics. Each factor is presented with in depth discussion and evaluation to see how it drives organizational success. There are also some study cases included to see how the output of discussion and evaluation applied in the practical world. ii Table of Contents ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 1 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LAW 1 ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN OIL/MINING INDUSTRY .. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY II TABLE OF CONTENTS. III INTRODUCTION.. 1 iii Introduction In todays world of oil and mining industries, many corporations are striving to be more ethical and socially responsible. Initiated by the Enron scandal in 2001 and the rising concern for the environment in both past and present situation, many more companies worldwide now acknowledge the importance of ethical practices and CSR as part of their business operations to reach organizational success. Although movements towards both subjects are getting better, the factor behind it changes as the business world evolves from one stage to another. While corporations are intensively trying to improve its viability and accountability, another challenge for the future is already waiting ahead toward the sustainable ethical operations and CSR programs. Furthermore, there is already established reporting standards and methods to assists corporations such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework. However, a critical supporting factor that used to be forgotten which is leadership is also needed in order to ensure that efforts being performed by those corporations are happening not because they are being pushed to do that, but rather because it is what they as a corporation wants, integrated as a part of its system. 1 Aim This paper aims to assess the factors of ethical practice and adoption of CSR in driving organizational success for multinational companies in oil and mining industries during the past in early 2000, current situation and overlook how these will be in the future. Factors Nowadays, the more appropriate question needs to be answered is no longer to what extent should a corporation include the society in their business operation but how to do it and use it as the river for organizational success (Epstein et al, 2006). In recent years, ethics and social responsibility have been playing an important role in the business world including in oil and mining industries . The pressure towards society and ethical conducts are higher than ever. Although every oil and mining multinational corporations economic missions are acknowledged, it is now their responsibility also to address public concerns. Oil and mining industries are known as the subject of scrutiny and bad press related with ethics and CSR concerns (Lins Horwitz, 2007). The interest on CSR and ethics are always fore-fronted to the mining and oil corporations (Kapelus, 2009). The idea was developed since a long time ago, where multinational corporations are demanded to provide community development packages and assistance to their host communities (Amaewhule, 1997). Every business person, regardless their position in the hierarchy, company geographic details or even its products and services are now facing the same challenge which is how to define their corporation role for the society. Many corporation scandals that took place during 2000 period have changed the whole shape of business ethics in a very significant ways. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been going around the business communities for a long time. The concept, strategies, implementation and output have been discussed in the past few years. Oil and mining multinational corporations have been pressured to take into account the effect of their operations to the society surrounding. In present situation, corporations are now challenged on how to combine society issues into their system while at the same time also needs to keep their conducts ethical in everyone perspectives. The factor behind both ethics and CSR are also varying as time moves on. In the past, ethics has been discovered as a commitment, where nowadays it is assumed that most corporations are involved putting their commitment into reality. The future factor will concentrate over the concept of sustainable development which surfaced in 1980s (Mitchell, 2009). To further understand the dimensions of sustainable development concepts, Dr. Walter Wehrmeyer (2000) developed what is called as â€Å"Sustainability Triangle† which clearly provides birds eye view on how the concept correlates with other environments. 3 Figure 1. 0 Sustainability Triangle Source : Corporate Social Responsibility in 2000 by Dr. Walter Wehrmeyer In the globalization era, oil and mining corporations are arguably if not the most profitable sectors in the worldwide market nowadays. Big corporations such as Enron, Exxon, BP and BHP Billiton are all experienced with both ethics and CSR issues. In historical perspective, CSR concepts can be traced for a long time ago but since it was unwritten, it was not formally recognized until the twentieth century through the works such as Chester Barnard’s The Functions of the Executive in 1938, J. M. Clark’s Social Control of Business in 1939, and Theodore Kreps’s Measurement of the Social Performance of Business in 1940 (Epstein et al, 2006). Furthermore, the concept of business ethics could even traced back further into the religious period. Since their inception, the world’s great religions have been preaching the need for ethics in business† (Mitchell, 2009). Moreover, the concept can be traced back into the past where it can then be proven through the warning against greasing the wheels with cash, states: â€Å"Thou shall take no bribe, for a bribe blinds the officials and subverts th e cause of those who are in the right† (Exodus 23: 6-8). In people perspective, oil and, mining companies are somewhat a potential cause of major environmental and social 4 issues. Production wastes that are not managed well can destroy the surrounding environment and eventually lead to social problems. There are events that have proven how multinational oil and mining companies faced problems because of their lack of care to the environment. However, during the 2000 era, such consciousness was not high enough. Most companies know how important both CSR and ethics were, but their commitment were not followed by involvement and any action. Take Newmont Nusa Tenggara (NNT) in Indonesia as an example. In 2002, the corporation was accused to be involved in an attack designated to a group of women who studied the ethical conducts and environment impacts of their business operations (Welker, 2009). It was clear that during the past, corporations still think that neither ethics nor CSR are important factors that were beneficial to their success. During this period, there was nothing more could be expected from the corporations rather than just a commitment which was written as a policy but not really done as an action. In the current situation, many corporations have been involved in both ethics and CSR conducts. They started to realize that as the world becoming more modern, concerns for both ethics and CSR are inevitable and rather than just another commitment, it must be implemented. If we ever visited every or some major oil and mining multinational corporations’ websites nowadays, we can easily find a dedicated section that reports their concerns for society and act of ethical conduct. BP, Exxon, Shell and even developing countries corporations such as Malaysian Petronas or Indonesian Pertamina are providing reports related with their social activities. Ethical conducts are also being embraced after the fall of Enron in 2001 where Enron’s image was in tatters and its stock price had plummeted nearly to zero (Healy Palepu, 2003). In the world of globalization, governments all over all the world have put in place the regulation that ensure every oil and mining corporations to have an ethical conduct and social responsibility program. However, we all need to always take into account that government is no longer as strong as it is. Nowadays, more than 50% of 100 leading corporations are private rather than state-owned (Bomann-Larsen Oddny, 2004). This means that involvement from each corporation will play an important role to define the organizational success both internal and external rather than depending on governments because states are no longer central players in the business world. Implementing ethical operations and CSR are beneficial if they can get more involved rather than just a commitment. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that nowadays â€Å"entire executive team are expected to become actively involved in the community as part of their leadership 5 development where it helps build a vibrant company where people can feel good about what they do and where they live† (Wright et al, 2008). Though it is difficult to find any evidence that CSR and ethics have really put many oil and mining corporations into a larger success level, it has been discussed that the connections between both concepts with organizational success are actually exists. Mitchell (2009), stated that â€Å"Finding a solid, clearly-defined direct link between ethical behavior and increased profits or shareholder value is the Holy Grail of academic research on the subject but companies that make a clear commitment to ethics in their annual reports have a higher share value than competitors that do not†. Does this mean all of oil and mining corporations with high stock price and profits already on the right direction to meet its social expectations not to mention also being ethical in their business operations? There has been no definitive answer to this question, but nor oil neither mining corporations can survive without support from the local community and therefore it is important factor to achieve organizational success. The upcoming future of both ethics and CSR in oil and mining industries is yet to come. The next development goal is already defined which is to achieve sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined as â€Å"a balanced approach for organizations to address economic, social and environment issues in a way that aims to benefit people, communities and society† (WCED, 1987). Moreover, defined future goal is not seen enough, there are options on how sustainability should be, corporations may not always looking for a strong one, they always have an option to go for a weak sustainability, which is easier to achieved. Oil and mining corporations are the main players of these concepts because their businesses focus on natural capital. â€Å"Natural capital is believed as the center of sustainability as many components of natural capital are living beings or results of life, like coal or crude oil† (Ott, 2003). The movement towards the goal has started from early 2000 when Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), an organization with network based members. GRI provides the internationally recognized reports guidelines for sustainability development and currently is the most developed. â€Å"Sustainability reporting has become critical for companies. It is important for companies to build the trust and confidence of its stakeholders and it is expected of companies today to report on the sustainability issues pertinent to its business† (Hill, 2007). Although the idea was already established a long time ago, based on the GRI Reports List (2010), only Kingsgate as the mining industry representative and Woodside Petroleum as the oil industry representative that are included in the list. Based on the research 6 done by Australian Center for Corporate Social Responsibility (ACCSR), oil industry scored lower on their CSR capabilities in 2009 compared to 2008, while mining industries are able to get higher score in 2009 compared to the previous year (ACCSR , 2009). These facts show that the involvement of many multinational corporations in their ethics and CSR programs are simply not enough. John Elkington (1994) introduced what is now known as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). The concept suggested that â€Å"By preparing and disseminating TBL statements, an organization conveys an image of concern and sensitivity to the three dimensions of societal responsibility: economic, environmental, and social† (Brown et al, 2006). The TBL framework is also being endorsed by GRI as the basis of sustainability development. However, none of the aforementioned concepts matter when strong leadership is missing. The realizations of any concepts are always in need for a strong leadership not only from business side but also regulatory side. The leadership is a very important key factor, GRI has also calls on governments to take leadership by requiring all corporations to comply with the sustainability reporting framework (GRI, 2009). In terms of an example, Indonesian Government is one of the best examples in the world. In 2007, Indonesia took an initial step to make CSR Reporting compulsory and must be implemented in three months time to proof that the plan is operable (Kiroyan, 2007). These rules are included in a law passed by the legislation. During that time, Indonesia is the only government in the world to have such regulation and soon followed by other nations. In the globalization era and the pressure from society are high, this is where a leader comes in. The businesses most likely to succeed are whose leader able to incorporate values into their decision making and execution process, seek to balance conflicting interests and concerns (Palazzi Starcher, 2006). Enron fall in 2001 is a sample where a corporation lacks of leadership. The idea of leadership as the basis of both ethics and CSR has been misunderstood as the ability to direct people into a particular direction. However, this view is not entirely right, rather than pushing the people or employees into doing the right thing, leadership is about make people want to do the right thing, in the right way. A lot of oil and mining corporations are now struggling to empower this into their system. Because achieving sustainability development is not targeted for the leaders, but also all employees and other stakeholders. Effective leadership that distributed throughout the entire corporations system created leadership cultures are self-sustaining (Painter-Morland, 2008). This challenge is also applied to any other corporations in the 7 world, because ethics and CSR are so abstract, it is impossible to narrow the applicability of it into just the mining and oil industries. In short summary, the variation of factors that contribute to the development of ethics and CSR are not mutually excursive. They should be combined to reach the maximum effort. When are the corporations expected to have successfully implemented the sustainable development? American Management Association (2007) believes that the movement will reach will eventually start to reach its peak on 2017 given the current condition. In current situation, â€Å"the growth of social and environmental costs and corporate managers’ recognition that they need to better manage corporate social and environmental impacts have dramatically increased the demand for both internal and external social and environmental reports† (Epstein Marc, 2008). The future does not want another Exxon-Valdez incident, where unethical and irresponsibility incident happened. Furthermore, that incident was a result of their lack of leadership, one absolute factor that almost every executive fail to address and recognize. The Enron executives used the five mechanisms to reinforce a culture that was morally flexible, opening the door to ethics degeneration, lying, cheating, and stealing (Sims, 2003). In hope of a better future, oil and mining corporations are now striving to reach the sustainability. Moreover, they also should never ignore that strong leadership is always an important basis to reach that goal. Incorporate both the act of ethical operations and excellent CSR program with good leadership together, it is not impossible to reach the goal. 8 Conclusion On the whole, it can be concluded that factors of both ethics and CSR in three different periods are changing but not mutually exclusive. During the early millennium era which was in 2000, ethics and CSR main factor was commitment. In that period, most oil and mining corporations are already had a commitment about both subjects, but the fall of Enron showed that there was nothing more than just a commitment. Corporations never really put into account how important ethical conducts and CSR in driving their organizational success. In current period, we have seen a better involvement of corporations in the implementation of their ethics and CSR programs. They started to adopt the GRI standard report format to keep the public informed of their activities. The challenge for the future is already started from a long time ago, which goal is to reach sustainability. While the oil and mining corporations are developing into reaching the goal, there is another supporting factor that plays an important role which is strong leadership. There is a vision already that believes the year of 2017 is the tipping point where sustainable development will be mature and eventually reach its peak. In order to fulfill that vision, those aforementioned factors combined with strong leadership are believed to be the key driving forces in oil and mining multinational corporations to reach their organizational success. 9 References ‘A Global Study of Current Trends and Possibilities 2007-2017’ 2007, American Management Association. Retrieved March 28th, 2010 Adams, W. M. , 2006, ‘The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development In The Twenty-First Century’. Retrieved from IUCN. Alizar, AM Scott, R 2009, ‘Offshore Mining: Working at the Local Level to Support Sustainable Mining’, Canadian Mining Journal, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 24-25. Retrieved March 26th, 2010, from Proquest. Amaewhule J. 1997. The Global Compact: Origin, Operations, Progress, Challenges. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, vol. 11, pp. 35-49. 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